Mae cyflafan
Charlie Hebdo wedi bod yn y newyddion eto'r wythnos hon, wedi i
chwech aelod o PEN America wrthod mynychu gala flynyddol y sefydliad, oherwydd roedd staff
Charlie Hebdo am fod yno i dderbyn gwobr am eu dewrder o blaid rhyddid mynegiant. Rwy'n credu bod ymddygiad y chwech - awduron adnabyddus i gyd - yn pathetig.
Mae
Salman Rushdie wedi'u beirniadu'n chwyrn, ac felly hefyd
Alex Massie yn The Spectator. Ers hynny mae un o'r chwech, Francine Prose, wedi
ceisio egluro'r penderfynaid yn The Guardian. Afraid dweud nad yw'n darbwyllo. Rwyf am ddyfynnu'r cyfan yn ei dro:
When I learned that PEN had decided to award the Freedom of Expression Courage Award to Charlie Hebdo,
I was dismayed. I had agreed to serve as a literary table host and I
wondered what I would do when the crowd around me rose to its feet to
applaud an award being given – in my name – to what I felt was an
inappropriate recipient.
Rwy'n cael yr argraff bod Prose yn
un o'r rheiny sy'n camddeall pwy yw targed cartwnau'r cylchgrawn.
Let me emphasize how strongly I believe in the ideals of PEN; for two
years I was president of the PEN American Center. I believe in the
indivisibility of the right to free speech, regardless of what – however
racist, blasphemous, or in any way disagreeable – is being said. I was
horrified by the tragic murders at the Charlie Hebdo office; I have
nothing but sympathy for the victims and survivors. I abhor censorship
of every kind and I despise the use of violence as a means of enforcing
silence. I believe that Charlie Hebdo has every right to publish
whatever they wish.
Dyna'r ddefod gyfarwydd o glirio llwnc cyn dod at yr hyn y mae
wir eisiau'i ddweud:
But that is not the same as feeling that Charlie Hebdo deserves an
award. As a friend wrote me: the First Amendment guarantees the right of
the neo-Nazis to march in Skokie, Illinois, but we don’t give them an
award. The bestowing of an award suggests to me a certain respect and
admiration for the work that has been done, and for the value of that
work and though I admire the courage with which Charlie Hebdo has
insisted on its right to provoke and challenge the doctrinaire, I don’t
feel that their work has the importance – the necessity – that would
deserve such an honor.
Mae llawer o'i gwrthwynebwyr wedi neidio i'w chyhuddo o 'gymharu'
Charlie Hebdo â'r Natsïaid. Fel mae'n digwydd,
mae hynny'n annheg. Beirniadaeth wahanol sydd gennyf i - ac mae'n ddadl y bûm yn ei wneud ar y pryd - sef bod safon y gwaith fwy neu lai'n amherthnasol erbyn hyn. Yr unig ffaith bwysig yw bod staff cylchgrawn wedi cael eu llofruddio am feiddio cyhoeddi cartwnau.
Gan fod Prose wedi cyfeirio at Natsïaid, rwyf am wneud yr un peth: mae gwrthwynebu gwobrwyo
Charlie Hebdo am resymau esthetaidd fel beirniadu safon dyddiaduron Anne Frank o safbwynt llenyddol. Hynny yw, mae'n methu'r pwynt yn llwyr. Mae'r ffaith bod rhywbeth hunllefus wedi digwydd i'r awdur yn gwneud y gwaith yn
deimladwy ac ingol ynddo'i hun, ac mae clodfori'r cynnyrch yn fodd o wneud safiad yn erbyn y cam a wnaed. Mae'n ymateb naturiol; ni fyddai brwydr
Malala Yusafzai o blaid hawliau merched i gael addysg wedi cael chwarter y sylw pe na bai'r Taliban wedi'i saethu yn ei phen. Ond gan iddi oroesi ymgais i'w llofruddio, mae hi wedi ennill Gwobr Heddwch Nobel. Er gwell neu er gwaeth, fel hynny mae pethau'n gweithio. Mae gwobrwyo
Charlie Hebdo, sydd wedi cario ymlaen fel normal (a chyhoeddi llun o Mohammed ar glawr y rhifyn o'r cylchgrawn a ymddangosodd yn syth wedi'r digwyddiad), yn safiad syml o blaid yr hawl i wneud yr hyn y mae'r cylchgrawn yn ei wneud. Cydnabod eu dewrder yw hyn, nid, o reidrwydd, canmol y cartwnau (nid bod unrhyw beth o gwbl o'i le ar y cartwnau chwaith yn fy marn i). Yn y cyfamser, dadl wag a thruenus Prose yn y frawddeg olaf uchod yw 'rwy'n edmygu dewrder
Charlie Hebdo, ond rwy'n gwrthwynebu cydnabod eu dewrder'.
Perhaps my sense of this will be clearer if I mention the sort of writers and whistleblowers whom I think would
be appropriate candidates: Edward Snowden, Chelsea Manning, the
journalists who have risked (and in some cases lost) their lives to
report on the wars in the Middle East. Or the extremely brave Lydia
Cacho, who has fearlessly reported on government corruption in Mexico,
along with the dozens and dozens of Mexican journalists who have been
murdered for reporting on the narco wars.
Mae'r diffyg hunanymwybyddiaeth fan hyn yn syfrdanol. Ni ddylid gwobrwyo
Charlie Hebdo, meddai, oherwydd dylid ei roi i newyddiadurwyr sy'n peryglu'u bywydau. Oes angen i mi egluro'r broblem fan yna?
I have been deeply shocked to read and hear some critics say that the
position I have taken, along with other writers, amounts to an
endorsement of terrorism. Nothing could be further from the truth. But I
also don’t feel that it is the mission of PEN to fight the war on
terrorism; that is the role of our government. Our job, in presenting an
award, is to honor writers and journalists who are saying things that
need to be said, who are working actively to tell us the truth about the
world in which we live. That is important work that requires
perseverance and courage. And this is not quite the same as drawing
crude caricatures and mocking religion.
Pe na bai mwslemiaid ffwndamentalaidd yn protestio, a'n bygwth a defnyddio trais er mwyn gorfodi pawb arall i ufuddhau i'w hathrawiaethau crefyddol, byddai llawer iawn llai o angen cyhoeddi cartwnau fel rhai
Charlie Hebdo. Yr ymateb lloerig yw'r union beth sy'n gwneud eu cyhoeddi'n angenrheidiol.
The bitterness and rage of the criticism that we have received point
out how difficult people find it to think with any clarity on these
issues and how easy it has been for the media – and our culture – to fan
the flames of prejudice against Islam. As a result, many innocent
Muslims have been tarred with the brush of Islamic extremism.
The narrative of the Charlie Hebdo murders – white Europeans killed
in their offices by Muslim extremists – is one that feeds neatly into
the cultural prejudices that have allowed our government to make so many
disastrous mistakes in the Middle East. And the idea that one is either
“for us or against us” in such matters not only precludes rational and
careful thinking, but also has a chilling effect on the exercise of our
right to free expression and free speech that all of us – and all the
people at PEN – are working so tirelessly to guarantee.
Mae'r gair '
narrative' fan hyn yn rhyfedd, a dweud y lleiaf. Nid rhyw 'naratif' greadigol mo hynny, ond yr union hyn a ddigwyddodd (er, dylid cofio mai Arabiaid oedd dau o'r rhai a laddwyd).
Yn aml iawn, mae agweddau 'unai gyda ni neu'n ein herbyn' yn niweidiol a gwrth-gynhyrchiol. Ond yn yr achos penodol hwn, mewn difrif calon, onid yw'n wir? Nid yw rhyddid mynegiant yn golygu hawl awtomatig i gael gwobr. Ond pe na bai sefydliad fel PEN yn gallu gwneud safiad o blaid yr hawl i fyw mewn byd lle nad yw llunio cartŵn yn reswm i'ch lladd, beth fyddai'u diben o gwbl?